Transparency & Accountability
Sources & Citations
Every statistic and research finding cited on this website is drawn from peer-reviewed research, federal and state agencies, or established research organisations. We do not invent, estimate, or round up numbers.
The sources below are listed by page. Where a Minnesota-specific figure was not available, we have used national data and noted this. All previously marked placeholders have now been replaced with verified figures.
Home & About
- Petrosino, A., Turpin-Petrosino, C., & Guckenburg, S. (2010). Formal System Processing of Juveniles: Effects on Delinquency. Campbell Systematic Reviews.
Used to support the evidence base for early intervention and diversion over formal system processing.
- Minnesota Department of Corrections. (2022). Juvenile Recidivism in Minnesota. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota DOC.
Minnesota-specific data: approximately 50% of youth released from MN juvenile correctional facilities are re-arrested within three years without structured reentry support.
Diversion Services
- Petrosino, A., Turpin-Petrosino, C., & Guckenburg, S. (2010). Formal System Processing of Juveniles: Effects on Delinquency. Campbell Systematic Reviews.
Used to support the evidence base for diversion versus formal court processing.
- Minnesota Department of Corrections. (2023). Annual Report. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota DOC.
Minnesota-specific cost data: juvenile incarceration in Minnesota costs more than $148,000 per youth per year, compared to $5,000–$10,000 for community-based diversion programmes.
- Minnesota Department of Human Services. (2023). Child and Family Services Report. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota DHS.
Minnesota-specific data: foster care youth are involved in the juvenile justice system at three times the rate of the general youth population.
Transitional Services
- Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago. (2017). Voices of Youth Count: Missed Opportunities — Youth Homelessness in America.
National data: within 2–4 years of aging out of foster care, approximately 50% of youth experience homelessness and fewer than 3% earn a college degree.
- Minnesota Department of Human Services. (2023). Child and Family Services Report. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota DHS.
Minnesota-specific data: approximately 40% of youth who age out of foster care in Minnesota experience homelessness within 18 months of leaving care.
- Wilder Research. (2022). Foster Care Youth and Homelessness in Minnesota. St. Paul, MN: Wilder Research.
Minnesota-specific data supporting foster care aging-out outcomes and housing instability.
Our Model
- Lipsey, M.W. (2009). The Primary Factors that Characterize Effective Interventions with Juvenile Offenders. Victims and Offenders, 4(2), 124–147.
Used to support the evidence base for strengths-based and restorative approaches.
- MENTOR: The National Mentoring Partnership. (2014). The Mentoring Effect.
Used to support the evidence base for structured mentoring programmes.
VR Trades Training
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023). Occupational Outlook Handbook: Construction and Extraction Occupations.
Used to support skilled trades workforce demand projections and median wage data.
- National Training Laboratories. (1994). Learning Pyramid. (As cited in multiple educational research reviews.)
Used to support the effectiveness of practice-based and simulation learning.
Core Services
- Shufelt, J.L., & Cocozza, J.J. (2006). Youth with Mental Health Disorders in the Juvenile Justice System. National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice.
National data: justice-involved youth have significantly higher rates of mental health disorders, educational disruption, and family instability than the general youth population.
- Wilder Research. (2022). Mental Health Needs of Youth in Minnesota's Juvenile Justice System. St. Paul, MN: Wilder Research.
Minnesota-specific data: approximately 70% of youth in Minnesota's juvenile justice system have at least one diagnosable mental health disorder, the majority without a prior diagnosis or treatment history.
All statistics are reported as stated by their original sources. Dunamis Diversion does not modify, round, or extrapolate figures. Where Minnesota-specific data was unavailable, national data is used and noted. Research findings are presented as evidence supporting our approach — not as Dunamis programme outcomes.